Bcym-[n-\n-th-ihpw 

{]mNo-\-tI-c-f-¯nse

PmXn-taÂt¡m-bvabpw

tUm. Akokv Xcp-hW

tIcf¯nse BZna P\-X-sb-¡p-dn¨v Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ¡n-S-bn hyXykvX A`n-{]m-b-§-fmWv \ne-hn-ep-ÅXv. \o{Kntäm, t{]mt«mBkv{S-tembvUv, {Zmhn-UÀ, BcyÀ, awtKm-fn-bÀ, skan-änIv F¶p XpS§n Ht«sd \c-hÀ¤-§Ä hnhn[ Ime¯v tIc-f-¯n-te¡v IpSn-tb-dn-bn-«p-­.v- Ch-cn ImSÀ, ]Wn-bÀ, ImWn-¡À, ae-¼-­m-c-§Ä, apXp-hm-·mÀ, DÅm-S-·mÀ, Ducm-fn-IÄ XpS-§n-b-hn`mK-¡mÀ \o{Kntäm hwi-¯nepw, Ccp-fÀ, Ipdn-¨yÀ, Icn-¼m-eÀ, ae-b-·mÀ, ae-th-S-·mÀ F¶n-hÀ Bkv{S-tembvUvhwi-¯nepw ]n¡m-e-s¯t¶m h¶ saUn-ä-td-\n-b³ hÀ¤-¡mÀ  Z£n-tW-´y-bnse  {Zmhn-U-hÀ¤-¯nsâ apJy-L-S-I-am-sW¶pw   A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«-h-cp­v. tIc-f-apÄs¸-sS-bpÅ sX¡p-In-gt¡ Gjy-bnse BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-IÄ \o{Kntäm hn`m-K-¡m-cm-bn-cp¶p. Ncn-{Xm-XoX Ime-¯p-Xs¶ asämcp \c-hÀ¤w \o{Kn-täm-P-\-Xsb XÅn-am-än-s¡m­v IS¶p h¶p. t{]mt«mþBkv{S-tem-bvUp-IÄ F¶mWv AhÀ Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv.  Ch-cpsS imco-cn-I-L-S\ XnI¨pw hyXy-kvX-amWv. XSn¨p ]c¶ aq¡v, Idp-¯-\ndw, tcma-¯nÂs]m-Xnª icocw XpS-§n-bh Ch-cpsS e£-W-amWv.  ""lnµp-¡Ä  F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-hÀ `mc-X-\n-hm-kn-I-fm-Ip-¶-Xn\v hf-sc-ap-¼p-Xs¶ ChnsS A[n-h-kn-¨n-cp¶ {Zmhn-UÀ ]gb \n{Kn-täm-hw-i-¯nsâ Ah-in-jvS-§-fmWv.2 s]mXpsh tIc-f-¯nse BZna hÀ¤-¡mÀ \o{Kntäm hwi-¡m-c-sW¶v ]d-b-s¸-Sp¶p. ]n¶oSv Bkvt{S-tembvUv hÀ¤-¡mÀ \n{Kn-täm-I-fpsS Øm\w A]-l-cn-¨-Xm-hWw.

C´y-bn-sebpw hninjym tIc-f-¯n-sebpw ]cn-jvIr-X-P-\-hÀ¤w {Zmhn-U-cm-bn-cp¶p. ]pe-bÀ, ]d-bÀ, Ipd-hÀ, Cug-hÀ, \mb-·mÀ XpS-§n-b-h-scÃmw Cu hn`m-K-¯nÂs]Spw. {Zmhn-U-cpsS P·-`q-an-sb-¡p-dn¨p hyà-amb sXfn-hp-I-fnÃ. {ZmhnU P·-`qan CuPn-]vXm-sW¶pw a[y-[-c-Wym-gn-¡-S-ensâ D¯-c-Xo-c-am-sW¶pw AXà `mc-X-`q-an-bm-sW-¶p-apÅ \nK-a-\-§Ä \ne-hn-ep­v.

Bcy-hÀ¯-¯n \n¶pw sshZn-I-{_m-Ò-WÀ ae-_m-dn F¯n-bXv F.Un. 8-mw iX-I-¯nsâ BZy-hÀj-§-fn-em-sW¶pw Xpfp-\m-«nÂ\n¶v ISÂXocw hgn-bmWv AhÀ h¶-sX¶pw temK³3 A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. Bcy-·mÀ hcp-¶-Xn\p ap¼v ChnsS {Zmhn-U-cpsS Bhmk tI{µ-am-bn-cp¶p. {Zmhn-U-cp-am-bpÅ \o­ tLmc-bp-²-¯nsâ A´y-¯n Bcy-·mÀ D¯-tc-´y-bnse {ZmhnU kwkvImcw \in-¸n¨p. ]t£ AhÀ tIc-f-¯n-se-¯p-¶Xv hf-sc-¡m-e-§Ä¡p tij-amWv.

Bcy-·mÀ tIc-f-¯n IpSn-tb-dn-¸mÀ¯ Ime-ta-Xm-sW¶v JWvUn-X-ambn ]d-bm³ DX-Ip¶ Xc-¯n-epÅ Ncn-{X-tc-J-I-Ä CXp-hsc I­p-In-«n-bn-«nÃ. G.Un 4-mw \qäm-­n Bcy-·mÀ tIc-f-¯nÂh-¶n-«p-s­¶v ]ß-\m-`-ta-t\m³ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. {]mIr-Xm-Nm-c-§Ä sh¨p-]p-eÀ¯nbpw h\y-ar-K-§sf th«m-bm-Sn-bpw At\Iw tKm{X-§-fmbn Pohn-¨n-cp¶ BZn-{Zm-hn-U-cpsS CS-bn-te-¡mWv BSp-am-Sp-IÄ¡pÅ ta¨n Øe-§Ä At\z-jn¨v Bcy-·mÀ IS-¶p-h-¶Xv. {Zmhn-UÀ  ]c-kv]cw Ie-ln-¨n-cp¶ Ime-am-bn-cp¶p AXv. {Zmhn-U-P-\-X-bpsS C¯cw ZuÀ_-ey-§Ä a\-Ên-em-¡nb Bcy-·mÀ {ItaW A[n-Imcw ]nSn-s¨-Sp-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Bcym-K-a-\-¯n-\p-ap¼v k¼-¶-am-sbmcp kwkvIrXn ChnsS \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. AXns\ A«n-a-dn-¨p-sIm­pw \in-¸n-¨p-sIm-­p-amWv Bcy-·mÀ B[n-]Xyw Dd-¸n-¨-Xv.

"Bcy-·m-cpsS hc-hn\v ap¼p-Xs¶þ {InkvX-_vZ-¯n\v ap¼pÅ iX-I-§-fn {Zmhn-U-kw-kvImcw km¼-¯n-Ihpw kmaq-lnIhpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw kmln-Xy-]-c-hp-amb taJ-eIfn Hcp DÂIr-jvS-]-Zhn {]m]n-¨n--cp-¶p-sh-¶p-Å-Xn\v \nc-h[n sXfn-hp-I-fp­v. ""]pcm-X\ {Zmhn-U-kw-kvImcw Hcp \nebv¡pw Ah-tl-f-\mÀl-a-söpw {ZmhnU hn`m-K-¯nsâ ssh`hw sIm­mWv Bcy-kw-kv¡m-c-¯n\v ]pjvSbpw Bghpw e`n-¨-sX¶pw SmtKmÀ ]d-bp-¶p­v.''4

\¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ, ]«-·mÀ F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ {_mÒ-W-hw-i-§Ä Bcy-·m-cm-sW¶pw _m¡n tIc-fo-b-scÃmw {Zmhn-U-cm-sW-¶p-amWv km[m-c-W-bmbn Icp-Xn-t¸m-cp-¶Xv5 Ct¸mÄ {Zmhn-U-kw-kvIm-c-¯nsâ Gähpw henb tI{µw Z£n-tW-´y-bmWv.

PmXn-hy-hØ

temI¯v, asämcn-S-¯p-an-Ã-m¯hn[w PmXn-Ifpw D]-Pm-Xn-I-fpw C´y-bn-ep­v.  F¡m-e¯pw  \c-hw-i-im-kv{X-¯n Xmev]-cy-ap-Å-hÀ¡v IuXpI hnj-b-amWv C´y-bnse Cu PmXn-hy-hØ. IWn-i-amb PmXn-hy-hØ C´y-bp-tSXv am{X-amb Hcp kmap-lnI {]Xn-`m-k-amWv. Bbn-c¯m-­p-I-fpsS ]mc-¼cyw `mc-Xob PmXnhyh-Ø-bv¡p­v.

PmXn-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ  BZn-kq-N-\-IÄ  EtKz-Z-¯nse "]pcp-j-kqà'¯n \n¶v e`y-amWv. `mc-X-¯nsâ AXn-{]m-No-\-§-fmb  Ncn{X  ]c-¼-c-I-sf-¸-änbpw kmaq-ln-I-{I-a-s¯-¸-änbpw EtKz-Z-¯n ImWmw.

 ""{_ma-tWmky apJ-amko

Ducq X Zkyb ssZziyx

Zv _mlp cmP\yx IrXx

]Zv`ymw ipt{Zm APmbX'' 6

]pcpj kqà-¯n {_Òm-hnsâ \mev Ah-b-h-§-fn \n¶v NmXpÀhÀWy hyh-Øm-bnse \mep PmXn-IÄ D­m-b-Xmbn ]d-bp¶p.

shfp¯ Bcy-·mcpw Idp¯ Zmk-·m-cp-am-bn-cp¶p `mc-X-¯n BZyw D­m-bn-cp-¶-sX¶v ]pcp-j-kqàw hyà-am-¡p¶p. `K-h-XvKo-X-bn KpW-IÀ½-[À½-§sf B{i-bn-¨mWv PmXn-hy-hØ D­m-b-sX¶ ]cm-amÀi-ap­v. "h{P-tIm-]-\nj'¯nepw PmXn-sb-¸-än-bpÅ ]cm-aÀiw ImWmw.

Bcym-[n-\n-th-i-t¯m-sS-bmWv `mc-X-¯n PmXn-hy-hØ iàn-s]-«Xv. PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bn A[n-jvTn-X-amb kmaqly hyh-Øsb \ne-\nÀ¯nb kp{]-[m\ LS-I-amWv {_mÒ-Wsâ kmaq-lnI km¼-¯nI, cmjv{Sob ta[m-hn-Xz-sa¶v ]dbmw. ""Ggpw F«pw \qäm-­p-I-fnse ssih sshjvWh`àn-{]-Øm-\-§-fpsS Ime¯v PmXn¡v thcp-d-bv¡m³ Ign-ªn-cp-¶nÃ. ssih-cnepw sshjvW-h-cnepw A[n-Iw-t]À PmXn-]m-en-¨n-cp-¶nà F¶-Xmhmw CXn\v ImcWw.'7 BZn-a-Im-e¯v `n¶-am-bn-cp¶ Bcy-{Zm-hnU kwkvIm-c-§-fpsS {Iam-\p-K-X-amb k¦-e-\-amWv {]mNo\ C´y-bn kw`hn¨-Xv.

 kp{ip-Xâ Ime-t¯m-Sp-IqSn NmXpÀhÀWy-¯n\v ZrV-X-h-¶p-sh¶v A\p-am-\n-t¡-­n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. hÀ®m-Sn-Øm-\-¯n-epÅ IÀ½-§Ä¡v {]m[m\yw  sImSp-¯p-sIm-­pÅ  NnIn-Õm-coXn At¸mÄap-X¡m-WtÃm Bcw-`n-¨Xv. tKm{X-k-aq-l-¯nsâ hfÀ¨-bpsS Hcp L«-¯nse khn-ti-j-X-tbmSv {_mÒW ta[m-hn-Xzhpw NmXpÀhÀWyhpw tNÀ¶-t¸mÄ cq]w-sIm­ Hcp kmaqly k{¼-Zm-b-amWv PmXn-hy-hØ. 8

{]Ir-Xn-bnse AÛp-X-{]-Xn-`m-k-§Ä¡p-ap-¼n Xe-Xmgv¯n \n¶ P\-hÀ¤-am-bn-cp¶p BZn-a-P-\X. {]Ir-Xn-bn t]c-dn-bm¯ ]e-Xn-t\bpw AhÀ Bcm-[n-¨n-cp¶p. {_mÒW BK-a-\-t¯m-Sp-IqSn {_Òmhv, hnjvWp, inh³, Imfn apX-emb lnµp tZh-X-IÄ ChnsS Bcm-[y-cm-bn-¯p-S§n9. AtXmsS `àn-bpsS ad-hnÂ\n¶p sIm­v BZn-a-P-\-Xsb NqjWw sN¿m-\pÅ AS-hp-IÄ Bcy-·mÀ {]tbm-Kn-¨p-Xp-S§n. PmXn-hy-h-Øsb CXn-s\mcp {][m\ Icp-hm¡n amän. k¼-¯nsâ \sÃm-cp-hiw X§-fpsS ssI¸n-Sn-bn h¶-tXmsS aäp-Å -P-\-§sf IogvPm-Xn-¡m-cmbpw X§sf taÂPm-Xn-¡m-cmbpw Bcy-k-aqlw ]cn-K-Wn¨p.

PmXn-hy-hØ ASn-a¯ kz`m-h-apÅ Hcp kmaq-ly-hy-h-Ø-bn-te¡v \bn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS auen-I-e-£yw-Xs¶ DbÀ¶-Pm-Xn-¡m-cpsS  ta[m-hnXzw Dd-¸n-¡p-Ibpw Xmgv¶-Pm-Xn-¡m-sc-s¡m­v AXv AwKo-I-cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pI F¶p-Å-Xm-bncp¶p. {_mÒ-WÀ Adnhv Ah-cpsS Ip¯-I-bm¡n; NqjWw AtXmsS ]pXp-cq-]-§Ä BÀÖn¨p. kaq-l-¯n  X«p-Ifpw Ipe-sXm-gn-ep-I-fp-ap-­mbn.

""A[y-b\w, A[ym]\w, bP\w, bmP\w Ch-bm-bn-cp¶p {_mÒWhr¯n-IÄ. Ch-bn A²ym-b\, bP\þZm\-§fpw, {]Pm-c-£Ww, bp²w Ch-bm-bn-cp¶p £{Xn-b-hr-¯n-IÄ. Irjn, tKmc£, hmWnPyw, Ch- sshiy-hr-¯n-Ifpw. iq{ZcpsS [À½w aäv aq¶v hÀ®s¯ ]cn-N-cn-¡em-bn-cp¶p.10 ac-¸Wn, I¸Wn, teml-¸Wn, \mbm«v, a¬]m{X \nÀ½mWw, sNcp-¸p-­m-¡Â, £ucw, Ae¡v, aZy-\nÀ½mWw XpS-§nb sXmgn-ep-IÄ sN¿p¶ At\Iw PmXn-IÄ D­m-bn-cp¶p. Ch-scÃmw NmXpÀhÀWy-¯n\v ]pd-¯m-bn-cp¶p. \mSnsâ GXp-`m-K-¯m-bmepw GXp tKm{X-¯nÂs]-«-h-cm-bmepw Htc sXmgnÂsN-¿p-¶-hÀ Hcp PmXn F¶ ØnXn-hn-ti-jhpw  NmXpÀhÀWy-¯nsâ kzm[o\w sIm­p-­m-b-XmWv. Hcp PmXn asäm-¶nÂ\n¶v hyXn-cn-à-amb H¶mWv F¶-dn-bm³ D]-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv PmXn-P-\y-amb IÀ½-§-fmWv. H«pw Abn-¯-an-Ãm¯ ]cn-]m-h\ PmXn-bmbn Icp-Xn-bncp¶Xv {_mÒ-Wsc am{X-am-bn-cp¶p.

Bcy-·mÀ _p²n-ssh-`-hhpw Imbn-I-i-àn-bp-ap-Å-h-cm-bn-cp-¶p-hs{X. AXp-sIm-­p-Xs¶ AhÀ Xt±-i-hm-kn-I-fmb {Zmhn-U-·m-cpsS ]e-Im-cy-§-fnepw CS-s]-«p-Xp-S§n. {ItaW Xmgv¶ Pohn-X-\n-e-hm-c-hp-am-bn-¡-gnª alm-`q-cn-]-£s¯ Bcy-·mÀ PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bn HXp-¡n-\nÀ¯n. sXmgnepw \ndhpw hÀ¤-hn-th-N-\-¯n-\pÅ D]m-[n-I-fm¡n amän. NmXpÀhÀWy-hy-h-Øsb \ymbo-I-cn-¡m-\p-Åf {]am-W-§fpw X¯z-§fpw {_mÒ-WÀ Fgp-Xn-bp-­m-¡n-s¡m­v AXn\v ZnhyXzw I¸n¨v ssZh-Z-¯-amb \nb-a-am-sW¶v hcp-¯n-¯oÀ¯p. am{X-aà aX-¯n-sâbpw Úm-\-¯n-sâbpw BNm-c-¯n-sâbpw \mb-I-·m-cmbn bmKw sN¿m-\pÅ A[n-Im-chpw AhÀ t\Sn-sb-Sp¯p. B[n-]-Xys¯ Ac-¡n-«p-d-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-X-Ip¶ IrXn-IÄ AhÀ cNn¨p. ssZh-t{]m-àm-sa¶v {]N-cn-¸n¨p sIm­v Ah-bnse \oN-amb \nb-a-§Ä Iogvs¸« P\-X-bpsS ta ASn-t¨Â¸n-¨p. Cu Ime-b-f-hn Xs¶ `n¶-hÀ¤-§Ä X½n kwL-«-\hpw kpZoÀL-amb Gäp-ap-«epIfpw \S-¡p-Ibpw AXnsâ ^e-ambn \¼q-Xncn,\mbÀ hn`m-K-§Ä IqSp-X tbmPn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXm-bXv Hcp-Iq-«À `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw aäp-Iq-«À `cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-h-cp-ambn F¶À°w.

Bcy-aXw NmXpÀhÀWy-hy-h-Ø-bpsS FÃm-Zq-jy-§fpw kaq-l-¯n {]I-Sn-¸n-¨n-cp¶p. Cusbmcp hyh-Øn-Xn¡v Adp-Xn-h-cp-¯ns¡m-­mWv _n.kn. 6-mw \qäm-­n _p²-aXw IS-¶p-h-¶Xv. _p²³ sshZn-I-a-X-s¯bpw   ]utcm-ln-Xy-a-X-s¯bpw ]mtS-\n-tj-[n-¨p-sIm­pw \ho\ Bibw {]N-cn-¸n-¨p-sIm­pw Hcp ]pXnb kmaq-ln-I-hy-hØ sI«n-s¸m-¡p-I-bm-Wp-­m-bXv. aX-¯n-\p-]cn a\p-jy-s\-bm-bn-cp¶p _p²³ I­Xv. F¶m sshjvWhþssih aX-§-fpsS hÀ²n-¨p-h-cp¶ iàn-Im-cWw _p²-a-X-¯n\v A[n-I-Imew kaq-l-¯n Dd-¨p-\n¡m³ Ign-ªnÃ. _p²-a-Xs¯ \in-¸n-¨-Xn sshjvWh þssih-a-X§Ä¡vv sNdp-X-Ãm¯ ]¦p­v. _p²-a-Xs¯ Bi-b-]-c-sa-¶-Xn-s\-¡mÄ Imbn-I-am-bn-«mWv ssihþ sshjvW-hÀ t\cn-«Xv. PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS ISp¯ hnaÀi-I-\m-bn-cp¶ _p²sâ Bi-b-§Ä kaq-l-¯n B[n-]-Xy-ap-d-¸n-¨m X§-fpsS \ne-\n¸v  tNmZyw  sN¿-s¸-Sp-sa¶p ssih-ssh-jvW-hÀ¡-dn-bm-am-bn-cp¶p.

tIc-f-¯nse PmXn-hy-hØ

""tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-¯nsâ ss]Xr-I-hpw tIc-f-k-aq-l-¯nsâ ]qÀho-I-Xbpw ]d-b\pw ]pe-b\pw sNdp-a\pw ae-b\pw DÅm-S\pw AS-§nb A[xIrXhÀ¤-¯n-tâ-XmWv.11'' Bcy-·mÀ tIc-f-¯nte¡v hcp-¶-Xn-\p-ap¼v tIc-f-¯n lnµp-a-Xtam NmXpÀhÀWy-hy-h-Øtbm D­m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. Bcym-[n-\n-th-i-t¯m-sS-bmWv lnµp-a-Xhpw NmXpÀhÀWy-hy-h-Øbpw tIc-f-¯n kwPm-X-am-b-sX¶v "Cug-hÀ A¶pw C¶pw12 F¶ ]pkvX-I-¯n F³. BÀ. IrjvW³ {]kvXm-hn-¡p¶p. _u² {]`mhw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶-Xp-h-scbpw tIc-f-¯n PmXn-hy-hØ cq£-am-bn-cp-¶nÃ. {io i¦-c-Nm-cy-cpsS ssP{X-bm-{X-tbm-sS-bmWv Z£nW `mc-X-¯nse _p²þssP\ aX-§Ä¡v £oWw kw`-hn-¨p-Xp-S-§n-bXv. Bcy-aXw tNc-cm-Pm-¡-·m-cp-sS-ta hyà-amb \nb-{´-Whpw B[n-]-Xyhpw Øm]n¨p Ign-ª-tXm-sS-bmWv _p²-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-IÄ lnµp-aX A\p-bm-bn-I-fm-bn-¯oÀ¶-sX¶v ]dbmw.

]mWÀ, ]d-b³, Nmtâm³ (Nm¶mÀ), Dg-hÀ, ]c-h-X³, Bb³ XpS-§nb t]cp-I-fn Adn-b-s¸-«n-cp-¶Xv sXmgn-ensâ ASn-Øm-\-¯nepÅ P\-hn-`m-K-§-sf-bm-bn-cp¶p. Bcym-[n-\n-th-i-t¯msS tIc-f-¯n IpSn-tb-dn-¸mÀ¯ {_mÒ-WÀ ]n¶oSv kwL-Sn-X-i-àn-bmbn hfÀ¶p. X¶n-an¯w PmXn-hy-hØ Iptd-¡qSn thK-¯n \S-¸n-embn.  8-mw \qäm-­nsâ D¯-cmÀ²-¯n\pw 9-mw \qäm-­nsâ Bcw-`-¯n-\p-an-S-bn ChnsS {_mÒ-WÀ cmjv{So-b-¯n Imcy-amb kzm[o\w sNep-¯n-Xp-S§n. AtXmsS PmXn-hy-hØ Bcw-`n¨p XpS-§p-I-bmbn.

kwL-Im-e-¯nsâ BZy-Z-i-I-§-fn PmXn-hy-hØ {]mtbW efn-X-am-bn-cp¶p. ""F.Un. c­mw \qäm-­n\pw AXn-\p-ap¼pw cq]-sa-Sp-¯n-cp¶ Nne kwLIme-Ir-Xn-I-fn PmXn-k-{¼-Zm-b-s¯-¸än bmsXmcp kqN-\-bp-anÃ''13 hnhn[ PmXn-IÄ A¶pw tIc-f-¯n-ep-­m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw Ah X½n Gä-¡p-d-¨ntem,hnth-N-\tam D­mbn-cp-¶nÃ. ]mWÀ, ]d-bÀ, Ipd-hÀ, thSÀ XpS-§nb hn`m-K-§Ä¡v kaq-l-¯n BZ-c-Wo-b- Øm\w I¸n-¨n-cp¶p. ]mWÀ _p²n-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb kn²n-I-fn {_mÒ-Wsc AXn-i-bn¨p. I]n-eÀ XpS-§n-Ihn-IÄ ]n¶m¡ hn`m-K-¯nÂs¸-«-hm-cm-bn-cp¶p. ]mW-·m-scbpw aäpw kwc-£n-¡pI cmPm-¡-·mÀ X§-fpsS IÀ¯-hy-ambn IcpXn. ]mWÀ cmP-k-Z-Êp-I-fnepw {]`p-a-µn-c-§-fnepw \nÀ_m[w IS-¶p-sN-Ãm³ A¶v XS-Ê-§-sfm-¶p-ap-­m-bn-cp-¶nÃ.

""{Zmhn-U-kw-kvIm-c-¯n PmXn¡p hen-b-Øm\w I¸n-¨n-cp-¶nÃ. FÃm-sXm-gnepw A`n-am-\-I-c-ambn Icp-Xn-bn-cp¶p. ]\-sN-¯p¶ hnÃ-h\pw hnÃp-ta´n ]S-ho-«n Ign-bp¶ tNI-h\pw cmPy-am-fp¶ Bfp-h\pw PmXn-bn `n¶-cm-bn-cp-¶nÃ. ]pd-\m-\q-dn am¦p-Sn-¡o-gm kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv A¶v sXs¡-C-´y-bn XpSn-bÀ (XpSn-sIm-«p-¶-hÀ) ]d-b³ (]d ASn-¡p-¶-h³) ]mW³ (]m«v Ipe hr¯n-bm-bn-«p-Å-h³) IS-¼³ (IÀj-I³) F¶v \mev PmXn-¡mtc D­m-bn-cp-¶p-Åp-sh-¶mWv 14. sXmgn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp PmXn Xncnhv D­m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw sshZnI amXr-I-bn-epÅ NmXpÀhÀWyw {]Nm-c-¯n h¶n-cp-¶nÃ. kv{XoIÄ¡v kaq-l-¯n ka-Xz-]qÀ®hpw BZ-c-Wo-b-hp-amb Øm\w \ÂIn-bn-cp¶p. KÔÀÆw DÄs¸sS ]e hnhm-l-co-Xn-Ifpw kwL-Im-e¯v \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶p. ]mW-sc-t¸m-epÅ Ihn-IÄ cmPm-¡-·m-tcm-sSm¯v sIm«m-c§-fn-emWv hkn-¨n-cp-¶Xv. A¶v BÀ¡pw hnZym-`ymkw \ntj-[n-¨n-cp-¶nÃ. ]d-bÀ, Ipd-hÀ, thSÀ, ]mW³ F¶n-§s\ C¶v lcn-P-\-§-fn s]Sp¯n hyh-l-cn-¡m-dpÅ an¡-hcpw A¶v hnZym-k-¼-¶-cm-bn-cp¶p. ""alm-Ihn ]c-WÀ ]mW\pw, CfwtIm ASn-IÄ Xob\pw, Agnin sImÃ-¸-Wn-¡m-c-\p-am-bn-cp¶p. Ccp-]-tXmfw lcn-P\ Ih-b-{Xn-Isf kwL-Im-e¯v ImWmw.'15

kwL-Im-e-L-«-¯nsâ Ah-km-\-am-Ip-t¼m-tg¡pw PmXn-hy-hØ tIc-f-¯n ià-ambn XpS§n. PmXn-k-{¼-Zmbw ZrVo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw AXn\v kmÀÆ-{Xn-I-amb {]Nm-cw-\ÂIp-¶-Xn\pw A\p-Iq-e-amb kml-N-cy-am-bn-cp¶p A¶v tIc-f-¯n-ep-­m-bn-cp-¶Xv. \¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ¡v km¼-¯nI cmjv{Sob taJ-e-I-fn e`n¨ kzm[o-\-i-àn-X-s¶-bmWv CXn {][m\w. amam¦ atlm-Õh k`-bnÂsh¨v PmXn-hy-h-Ø-tbbpw Abn-¯-mNm-c-t¯bpw Nn«-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m-­pÅ Xocp-am-\-§Ä FSp-¯n-cp¶p. sXmgn-ens\ ASn-Øm-\-am-¡nbpw aäp-hn-[-¯nepw PmXn-IÄ¡v D¨-\o-NXzw IÂ]n-¡p-Ibpw AXn\v tIc-f¯n AwKo-Imcw t\Sn-s¡m-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXXv amam¦ k`-bm-sW¶v ImWmw. Cu {]tXy-I-X-bmWv tIc-f-¯n PmXn-hy-h-Øbpw AXns\ ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp-¯n-bpÅ Abn-¯hpw aäpw cq£-am-bn-¯o-cm³ Imc-W-am-bn-¯oÀ¶-sX¶v A\p-am-\n-t¡-­n-bn-cn-¡p¶p.

{InkvXp-hÀjw Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xn\v sXm«p-ap-¼pÅ Zi-I-§-fn ssP\þ _u² {_mÒW aX-§Ä tIc-f-¯n-te¡v IS-¶p-h¶p. {ItaW Hcp hn`mKw P\-§Ä Cu aX-§-fn-te¡v BIÀjn-¡-s¸«p. FÃm-a-X-§-tfmSpw ka-`mhw ]peÀ¯p¶ hnime a\-kvI-cm-bn-cp¶p A¶s¯ P\-§Ä. Ime-m´-c-¯n Cu aX-§Ä {Ia-{]-hr-²-amb hnIm-kw-t\-Sp-Ibpw Ah-bpsS ap{Z-IÄ tIcf kwkvIm-c-¯n ]Xn¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. _p²-aXw £bn-¡p-Ibpw lnµp-a-X-¯n\v kmÀÆ-{Xn-I-amb {]Nmcw kn²n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-t¸mÄ Ahcpw lnµp-¡-fmbn amdp-I-bm-Wp-­m-bXv. ]t£ ]n¶o-S-hsc hÀ®-hy-h-Ø-bpsS shfn-bn-te¡v amän-\nÀ¯p-I-bmWv sNbvbXv. am{X-aà sXmgn-en-sâbpw km¼-¯n-I-Øn-Xn-bp-sSbpw ASn-Øm-\-¯n Ah-sc-¯s¶ hyXykvX PmXn-¡m-cm-bn-¯n-cn¨p. Ch-scms¡ tNÀ¶-XmWv Abn¯ PmXn-¡m-cmb AhÀ® hn`mKw.

"tIc-f-¯n Adp-]-¯n-\mev PmXn-I-fm-Wp-­m-bn-cp-¶Xv. {_mÒ-W-cn F«v, \yq\-hÀ¤-¡mÀ c­v, A´-cmf PmXn ]{´­v, iq{ZÀ ]Xn-s\«v, inev]n Bdv, ]Xn-X-·mÀ ]¯v, Xmgv¶ PmXn-¡mÀ F«v F¶n-§s\ BsI ae-bm-f-¯n Adp-]-¯n-\mev PmXn-I-fp-s­¶v ]d-ªmepw ]ns¶bpw PmXnbpw PmXn-bn PmXn-bp-ambn F{Xtbm hI-t`-Z-§Ä Chn-sS-bp­v.'16 ]e PmXn-IÄ¡pw Ahm-´c hn`m-K-§-fp­v. {_mÒ-W-cn X{¼m-¡fpw BVy-·mcpw Hm¯-·mcpw Hm¯-n-Ãm-¯-hcpw aäp-ambn At\Iw hn`m-K-§-fp­v. Hmtcm Iq«cpw X§-fm-Wv tate-¡n-S-¡m-sc¶v hniz-kn-¡p¶p. DZm-l-c-W-¯n\v Xangv {_mÒ-WÀ tIc-f-¯n-ep-s­-¦nepw Chn-Sps¯ {_mÒ-Wcpw Ahcpw hyXykvX PmXn-I-sf-t¸m-se-bmWv s]cp-am-dp-¶Xv. aäp ]e PmXn-I-fp-sSbpw DÛhw KpW-¯n-sâbpw sXmgn-sâbpw ASn-Øm-\-¯n-em-bn-cp¶p.

PmXn-hy-hØ D­m-¡p-¶-Xn\v Bcy-·mÀ cmjv{Sobiàn-bpÅ cmPm-¡-·msc £{Xn-b-cm¡n. km¼-¯nI iàn-bp-Å-hsc sshiy-cm¡n. Xmgv¶ PmXn-¡msc iq{Z-cp-am¡n amäp-I-bm-Wp-­m-bXv. Hmtcm PmXn-¡mcpw {_mÒ-W-cn \n¶v C{X-Zq-sc-hsc amdn \n¡Ww F¶p N«-ap-­m-¡nb Hcp Ncn-{X-amWv

PmXnsb kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw tIc-f-¯n-ep-Å-sX¶p ]dbmw. A§s\ ""cmPy-`mcw ssIh-i-apÅ £{Xn-b\pw ssZh-¯nsâ {]Xn-]p-cp-j-·m-cm-sW-¶-`n-am-\n-¡p¶ {_mÒ-Wcpw \S-¯nb KqVm-tem-N-\-bpsS ]c-a-cq-]-amWv PmXn. 17'

[nj-Wm-k-¼-¶-cmb ]ptcm-l-nX-·m-cm-bn-cp¶p BZy-Ime Bcy-·m-cn A[n-Ihpw. AhÀ Hmtcm PmXn-¡n-S-bnepw Abn¯w F¶ Zpcm-Nmcw GÀs¸-Sp¯n. {Iqc-ap-J-t¯m-sS-bmWv Abn¯w Cu Ime-L-«-¯n \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶Xv. ""Abn-¯s¯ PmXn-IÄ X½n-epÅ AI¨ A\p-k-cn¨v {Ia-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. PmXn-bpsS ASn-Øm-\w-Xs¶ ]c-¼-cm-K-X-amb [À½m-N-c-W-co-Xn-Isf ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp-¯n-bpÅ {Kq¸p-I-fmWv 18.' Abn¯w temI¯v asä-hn-sSbpw CÃm¯ HtcÀ¸m-SmWv. D¶-X-Pm-Xn-¡m-c\v XmW-Pm-Xn-¡m-c\ sXmSmt\m Xo­mt\m ]mSnÃ. PmXn-¡-\p-k-cn¨v Xo­-en\v AIew \nÝ-bn-¨n-cp¶p. tIc-f-¯n Hcp \mbmSn \¼qXncn-bn \n¶v 22 aoäÀ AI-sebpw Xn¿ (Cug-hÀ)\n \n¶v 13 aoäÀ AI-sebpw \n¡Ww; Xn¿-\m-Is« \¼q-Xn-cn-bn \n¶v 10 aoäÀ AI-sebpw.kao-]-Imew hsc Hmtcm PmXn-¡mÀ¡pw Hcp DbÀ¶ PmXn-¡m-csâ ho«nepw ]cn-k-c-§-fnepw C{X-Zqcw hsc sNÃm-sa¶pw sNÃm³ ]mSn-söpw N«-ap-­m-bn-cp¶p. ""a\p-jy-\n-µbpw {Iqc-Xbpw IqSn-¡qSn Xo­epw (ASp-¯p-Iq-Smbva) ZrjvSn-tZm-jhpw (I­p-Iq-Smbva)hsc F¯n-¨-XmWv tIc-f-¯nse Abn-¯m-Nmcw 19. Abn-¯hpw Xo­epw sXmSoepw hn[n-IÂ]n-X-am-sW¶v 20-mw \qäm-­nsâ {]mcw-`-L-«-¯n AhÀ®-k-ap-Zmb t\Xm-¡Ät]mepw AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶-X-c-¯n \¼q-Xn-cn-am-lm-ßyhpw {_mÒ-W-ta-[m-hn-Xzhpw tIc-f-¯n ià-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v ]«w Pn. cma-N-{µ³ \mbcpw 20.' PmXn-k-aq-l-{]-Xyb imkv{X-a-\p-k-cn-¨p-t]mepw A\m-h-iy-amw-h®w _o`-Õhpw  Bß-]o-T-\m-]-chpw  _p²n-iq-\y-hp-amWv tIc-fo-b-k-aq-l-¯nsâ Abn-¯m-Nm-c-\n-jvT-sb¶v ]n.sI. _me-Ir-jvW\pw 21. A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-I-bp-­mbn.

tIc-f-¯n Irjn-¡m-c\pw DS-a-IÄ¡pw X½n At\Iw X«p-I-fp-­m-bn-cp¶p. PmXn-hy-h-Øbpw `qan-bpsS Ah-Im-ihpw sXm«p-cp-½n-bmWv tIc-f-¯n D­m-bXv. tNc-tNm-f-bp-²-¯nsâ ^e-ambn [mcmfw kz¯p-¡Ä t£{X-§-fpsS ]cn-[n-bn h¶p-tNÀ¶p. AtXmsS kaql-¯n DÅ-h\pw CÃm-¯-h\pw F¶n-§s\ c­p-X-«p-IÄ DS-se-Sp¯p. `qhp-S-aØX-bn-epÅ Ak-a-Xz-amWv kaq-l-¯n AKm-[-amb hnS-hp-Ifp­m-¡n-b-sX¶v ]dbmw. knÔp-Kw-Km-k-a-X-e¯v Ønc-am-bn-Xm-a-kn-¨p-sIm­v Irjn-bnepw I¶p-Imen hfÀ¯-enepw GÀs¸-«p-Po-hn-¨p-t]m-¶n-cp¶ {]mIr-X-P-\-X-bn A¶p-hsc CÃm-Xn-cp-¶Xpw aäv P\-Xbv¡v D­m-bn-cn-¡m³ CS-bp-Å-Xp-amb Hcp khn-ti-j-{]-h-WX {]Xy-£-s¸-«p-Xp-S§n. ""ImÀjn-I-Z-i-bn Cu {]h-WX hf-sc-tbsd hfÀ¨-{]m-]n¨p. aäp-Å-h-sc-sIm­v ]Wn-sN-¿n-¸n¨v Ah-cpsS {]b-Xv\-^-ew-IqSn `pPn-¨p-Xp-S-§n-b-tXm-sS-bmWv `qkz-¯p-Å-hcpw CÃm-¯-hcpw F¶ c­p-hn-`m-K-§Ä D­m-bXv. 22''

A¡m-e¯v AhÀ®-hn-`m-K-§sf Xmgv¯n-sI-«m³ {_mÒ-W-aXw aq¶v coXn-I-fmWv kzoI-cn-¨Xv. km¼-¯nIw, `qan-bpsS taepÅ Ah-Imiw, _p²n-]-c-amb Imcy-§Ä F¶n-h-bm-Wh. FÃm-hn[ hnÚm-\-k-¼m-Z\ amÀ¤§fpw XmW-Pm-Xn-¡m-cp-sS-apav_n sIm«n-b-S-¡-s¸-«n-cp¶p. AXp-sIm­p Xs¶ hÀ¤-aÀ±-\-t¯-¡mÄ {Iqchpw ss]im-Nn-I-hp-amb H¶m-bn-cp¶p PmXn-aÀ±\w F¶p-]-dbmw. hÀ¤-aÀ±-\-¯n km¼-¯n-I-Nq-j-Whpw B km¼-¯n-I-Nq-j-Ws¯ \ne-\nÀ¯m³ Bh-iy-amb cmjv{So-b-aÀ±-\-hp-amWv DÅXv. AtX-k-abw PmXn-aÀ±-\-¯n aÀ±n-X-hn-`m-K-¯n-sâ-t\sc hwi-]-c-amb AI-än-\nÀ¯Â A\p-jvTn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. AXp-sIm­p Xs¶ 16-mw \qäm-­p-ap-X 19-mw \qäm-­nsâ a²yw-h-sc-bpÅ Chn-Sps¯ PmXn-hy-hØ Z£n-Wm-{^n-¡-bnse A¸mÀ¯o-Un\v (hwi-]-c-amb AI-än-\nÀ¯Â) GI-tZiw Xpey-am-bn-cp¶p. AhnsS sXmgn-en-sâbpw \nd-¯n-tâbpw hyXym-k-¯n-emWv AI-än-\nÀ¯n-bn-cp-¶-sX-¦n ChnsS taÂPm-Xn-¡m-cnÂ\n¶pw IogvPm-Xn-¡msc Iptd-hmc AI-än-\nÀ¯pI F¶ hnt{Zm-l-]-c-amb BNm-c-\-S-]-Sn-bmWv ]n´p-SÀ¶v h¶n-cp-¶-sX¶v am{Xw.

BZy-Im-e¯v `qan-bp-sSbpw k¼-¯n-sâbpw Ah-Im-in-IÄ \¼q-Xn-cn-am-cm-bn-cp¶p. kaq-l-¯nse Ah-cpsS Øm\-am-\-§Ä Bcmepw tNmZyw sN¿-s¸-«n-cp-¶nÃ.

kÀÆ-i-à-amb \¼q-Xn-cn-ta-[m-hn-Xz-¯n³ Iogn tIc-f-¯n hfÀ¶p-h¶ Xntbm-{Im-änIv ^yqU-en-k-¯nâ ZpÀ`-K-k-´-Xn-bm-bn-cp¶p tIc-f-¯nse PmXn-hy-h-Ø-sb¶pw ""kzmÀ°-I-am-b-Nq-jWw \nÀ®m-b-I-amb Hcp kmaq-ln-I-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bm-bn-¯o-cp-¶{X {]Ir-Xm-Ô-amb Hc-h-Ø-bm-bn-cp¶p tIcf kaq-l-¯n-tâ-sX¶pw23'' ]n.sI. _me-Ir-jvW³ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p­v.

tIc-f-¯n {_mÒ-W-k-ap-Zmbw \S-¸n-em-¡nb PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS ImTn\yhpw {Iqc-Xbpw Gä-hpw-Iq-Sp-X A\p-`-hn-¡m-\n-S-h¶ P\-hÀ¤-§-fmWv ]mWÀ, ]d-bÀ, ]pe-bÀ XpS-§nb tIc-f-¯nse BZna kap-Zm-b-¡mÀ.

ASn-¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ

1.   ]pdw 76-77 "tIc-f-N-cn{Xw', F. {io[-c-ta-t\m³þ 1967

2.   ]pdw 13, "tIc-f-N-cn-{X-¯nse Ah-K-Wn-¡-s¸« GSp-IÄ' sN´m-c-tÈcn Sn.F¨v.]nþ 1970.

3.   "ae-_mÀ am¼Â,' hneyw temK³

4.     Page 117: Quotted in Dravidian India by T.R. Sesha Iyengar MA.

5.   ]pdw 54 "tIcf kwkvImcw' tPmk^v, CS-a-dpIv 1971

6.   ]pdw 470. "EtKzZw alm-`mjyw ' 10 kq. 90, H.Fw.kn. \mcm-b-W³ \¼q-Xn-cn-¸mSv, hmeyw 8. 1976.

7.   ]pdw 13 "tIcf Ncn-{X-¯nse Ah-K-Wn-¡-s¸« GSp-IÄ' sN´m-c-tÈcn Sn.F¨v.]n. 1970

8.   ]pdw 114 "tIcf Ncn-{X-[mc' sN´m-c-tÈcn Sn.F¨v.]n. 1978

9.   ]pdw 17. {]mNo-\-tI-cfw (\memw ]Xn¸v) iqc-\mSv Ipª³ ]nÅ

10. ]pdw 679. "hniz-hn-Úm-\-tImiw' (PmXn-IÄ), hmeyw 6 (FUn.) Kp]vX³\m-bÀ 1989

11. ]pdw 55. "tIc-f-N-cn-{X-hn-Nmcw' kn.sI. Icnw 1967

12. ]pdw 40 "Cug-hÀ A¶pw C¶pw' F³.BÀ.IrjvW³ 1967

13. ]pdw. 111 "tIcf Ncn-{X-[mc' sN´m-c-tÈcn Sn.F¨v.]n. 1978

14. ]pdw 100 "kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ \mgnI IÃp-IÄ (]pXnb ]Xn¸v) Cfw-Ipfw Ipª³]nÅ 1964

15. AtX ]pkvXIw. ]pdw 22

16. ]pdw 242 "hniz-hn-Úm-\-tImiw' hmeyw A©v. (FUn) Fkv. Kp]vX³\m-bÀ þ 1989

17. ]pdw 13 "lcn-P\w' F.sI. tKm]m-e³, 1971

18. ]pdw 282 "hniz-hn-Úm-\-tImiw' þ hmeyw þ 6-1970

19. ]pdw 1 "Abn-t¯m-¨m-S\w' F³.BÀ. IrjvW³ (Ah-Xm-cnI sI. A¿-¸³) 1963

20. ]pdw 173-174 "\mbÀ kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ CXn-lmkw' ]«w Pn. cma-N-{µ³\m-bÀ þ 1987

21. ]pdw 321, "PmXn-hy-h-Øn-Xnbpw tIc-f-N-cn-{Xhpw' ]n.sI. _me-Ir-jvW³, 1997.

22. ]pdw 287, "hniz-hn-Úm-\-tImiw' þ 1970

23. ]pdw 344, "PmXn-hy-h-Øbpw tIc-f-N-cn-{Xhpw' ]n.sI. _me-Ir-jvW³, 1997