മക്തി ഓÀമ
]s¯m-¼Xmw \qäm-nsâ D¯-cmÀ² Ime-L-«hpw Ccp-]Xmw
\qäm-nsâ {]mcw-`- Z-i-I-§fpw tIc-fs¯, hninjym tIc-fob apkvenw-Isf
kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw kw`-h-_-lp-ehpw AXoh {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶-Xp-am-Wv.
sImtfm-Wn-b hncp² {]t£m-`-§-fpsS ka-tcm-Õp-I-amb Ime-L-«-am-bn-cp¶p AXv. ]pXnb
Bi-b-§fpw {]Øm-\-§fpw cq]w sImÅp-Ibpw kaq-l-¯n Ht«sd amä-§Ä Zriy-am-hp-Ibpw
sNbvXXpw CtX L«-¯n-em-Wv. tIc-f-¯n {_n«ojv B[n-]Xyw Ac-¡n-«p-d-¸n-¡p-Ibpw
]mÝmXy Bi-b-§fpw Cw¥ojv hnZym-`ym-khpw {]Nmcw t\Sn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX CtX
Ime¯p Xs¶, sImtfm-Wn-bÂhncp² ka-c, Iem-]-§Ä I¯n-¸-SÀ¶-Xmbpw ImWmw. tIc-f-¯n-se,
{]tXy-In¨v ae-_m-dnse am¸n-f-amÀ X§sf t{Zmln-¡p-Ibpw ISp¯ Nqj-W-¯n\v
hnt[-b-cm-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX P·n-amÀ¡pw Ahsc Xm§n-\nÀ¯nb Cw¥ojv CuÌv C´ym
I¼-\n-¡p-sa-Xnsc AXnià-amb Iem-]-§Ä \S-¯p-Ibpw sNbvX Ime-L-«-am-bn-cp¶p AXv.
1921se ae-_mÀ Iem-]-¯n\p ap¼p Xs¶ sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb \qdp-I-W-¡n\v Iem-]-§Ä
ae-_m-dnse am¸n-f-amÀ \S-¯n-b-Xmbn Ncn-{X-¯n ImWmw. Cu ka-c, Iem-]-§-fnÂ
sImÃ-s¸« am¸n-f-am-cpsS IrXy-amb IW-¡p-IÄ t]mepw e`y-a-Ã. am¸n-f-amsc
kw_-Ôn-t¨-S-t¯mfw {_n«o-jp-ImÀ FÃm AÀ°-¯nepw i{Xp-]-£-¯m-bn-cp-¶p.
sImtfm-Wn-b iàn-IÄs¡-Xnsc \qäm-p-IÄ¡p aps¼ ]S-\-bn¨ ]mc-¼cyw
tIc-f-¯nse apkvenw-IÄ¡p-v. 1850-I-fnse H¶mw kzmX{´y ka-c-¯n\pw Hcp \qämp ap¼v
\nIpXn\ntj[ `ojWn apg-¡nb shfnbt¦mSv DaÀJm-fn-bp-sSbpw a¼pdw ^k ]qt¡mb
X§-fp-sSbpw ]mc-¼-cyw.
CtX Ime-b-f-hn Xs¶, tIc-f-¯nse hyXykvX PmXn, aX
kap-Zm-b-§Ä¡n-S-bn \thm-°m\{ia-§Ä iàn-bmÀPn-¡p-Ibpw ]pXnb Bi-b-§fpw
{]Øm-\-§fpw cq]-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. hnhn[
PmXn-þ-a-X-§Ä¡n-S-bn \n¶v DbÀ¶p-h¶ \thm-°m\ \mb-I-·m-cpsS kw`m-h-\-IÄ Cu
taJ-esb ]pjvI-e-am-¡n. A¿m sshIp-WvT³ (1805-þ1851), {_lvam-\µ inh-tbmKn
(1852-þ1929), N«¼n kzman-IÄ (1853 þ1924), {io\m-cm-bW Kpcp (1856-þ1928),
A¿-¦mfn (1863-þ1941), s]mbvI-bn Ipam-c-Kpcp (1878-þ1938) XpS-§n-b-h-cpsS
t]cp-IÄ FSp¯p ]d-tb--Xm-Wv. PmXn-þ-P-·n-þ-\m--Sp-hm-gn-¯-¯n-s\-Xnsc cq]w sIm
{]Øm-\-§fpw {_n«ojv taÂt¡m-bva-s¡-Xnsc iàn-bmÀPn¨ tZiob {]Øm-\-§fpw kmaq-lnI
\thm-°m\ kwcw-`-§sf ]n´p-W-bv¡p-Ibpw ]e-hn-[-¯n klm-bn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXv
tIc-f-¯nsâ kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI taJ-e-bn amä-§Ä¡v B¡w Iq«m³ Imc-W-am-bn.
Cw¥ojv hnZym-`ym-k-¯nsâ {]Nm-cw, KZy kmln-Xy¯nsâ hfÀ¨,
]{X-am-kn-I-I-fpsS {]Nm-cw, A¨-Sn, ]mÝmXy temI-]-cn-Nbw XpS§n \nc-h[n LS-I-§Ä
tIc-f-¯n sNdnb tXmXn-se-¦nepw \thm-°m\w km[y-am-¡p-Ibpw s]mXp-a-Þew
cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Xoh-n, t]meo-kv, tImS-Xn, s]mXp kvIqfp-IÄ, t]mÌv
Hm^o-kv, hmb-\-im-e-IÄ XpS-§nb A[p-\nI Øen-IÄ ]pXnb temI-t_m-[hpw ]uc-t_m-[hpw
krjvSn-¨p. Ch-sbÃmw \thm-°m-\s¯ Xzcn-X-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw s]mXp-a-Þ-es¯
iàn-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
s]mXp-a-Þ-ehpw
apkvenw-Ifpw
tIc-f-¯n "s]mXp-a-Þew' cq]-s¸-«Xv \thm-°m\ kwcw-`-§Ä
iàn-bmÀPn-¨-tXm-sS-bm-Wv. AXn-\p-ap¼v hyXykvX PmXn aX-hn-`m-K-§-fn s]«-hÀ
H¶n-¡p¶ CS-§Ä \ma-am-{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. Hmtcm PmXn¡pw aX-¯n\pw Ah-cp-tS-Xmb CS-§Ä
Dm-hp-Ibpw Ahsb Iq«n-tbm-Pn-¸n-¡p¶ s]mXp-I-®n-IÄ CÃm-Xn-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶
Ah-Ø-bmWv A¶v \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶-Xv. C´y³ PmXn-hy-hØ CXn-s\mcp Imc-W-am-Wv. Xmgv¶
PmXn-¡msc Ak-ln-jvWpXm]c-am-bn-«mWv khÀW hn`m-K-§Ä A¶v In-cp-¶-Xv. Ccp-]Xmw
\qäm-nsâ Bcw-`-¯n ]peb¡p-«n¡v kvIqÄ {]th-i\w \ÂIn-b-X-dnªv Du¶p-]md¸Wn-¡À
t_m[w-sI«p hoWXv tIcf Ncn-{X-¯n tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯-s¸-«n-«p-v.
`mj-bn \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ {]tbm-K-§-fn t]mepw A\y-Xzhpw D¨ \oN-Xz-§fpw
AS¡n hmgp-¶Xv ImWmw. taemft\mSv Iogm-f³ kwkm-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ D]-tbm-Kn-t¡ BNm-c-`mj
Hcp DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. Xma-kn-¡p¶ CSs¯ F´p t]cn«p hnfn-¡p-¶p-sh-¶-Xn-eqsS
Ahn-Sps¯ Bfp-I-fpsS PmXn hyà-am-Ip-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]d-b-tâXv tNcn, sNdp-a-tâXv
Nmf, sImó, X«m³, Bim-cn, Nmen-b³, IÅp-sN-¯p-Im-c³, Xn¿³ F¶n-h-cp-tSXv ]pc
AsÃ-¦n IpSn, t£{X ]qPm-cn-I-fp-tSXv hmcnbw AsÃ-¦n ]ojmcw AYhm ]qa-Tw, km[m-cW
\mb-cp-tSXv hoSv AsÃ-¦n `h-\w, cmPm-hn-tâXv tImhn-eIw AsÃ-¦n sIm«m-cw, kmZm
\¼q-Xn-cn-bp-tSXv CÃw, BVy \¼q-Xn-cn-bp-tSXv a\. XmW PmXn-¡mÀ¡v GXm-bmepw
X§-fpsS hoSns\ X\-Xp-t]-cn \¼q-Xncnta[m-hn-I-fpsS ap¼n D¨-cn¨p IqSm. kzbw
\nµn-¨p-sImv taem-f-cpsS ap¼n kzh-k-Xnsb "NmW-I-¡pv' F¶v AhÀ ]d-b-Ww.
IqSmsX sNä, sIm«nÂ, Iqc, sI«v, tN¡, IpSnÂ, taS, Xd F¶n-§s\ \nc-h[n {]tbm-K-§Ä \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p(1).
CXn \mbÀ Xma-kn-¡p¶ hoSv, `h\w F¶nh s]mXp-hmbn
amdp-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv.
`mj-bpsS Imcyhpw `n¶-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Hmtcm hn`m-K-¯n\pw X\-Xmb
`mj-bp-m-bn-cp-¶p. C¶s¯ AÀ°-¯n-epÅ ae-bmf enJnX `mj ap¼v s]mXp-hmbn
D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶n-Ã.
\¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ¡v s]mXpsh kwkvIr-X-t¯m-Sm-bn-cp¶p {]nbw; \mbÀ¡v
ae-bm-f-t¯m-Spw. ae-bm-f-¯n Fgp-Xp-¶-hÀ¡v \¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ "D¶-X-t{KUv'
\ÂIn-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. ]q´m-\hpw ta¸-¯q-cp-am-bpÅ XÀ¡-§Ä HmÀ¡p-I. ae-bm-f-¯nÂ
Fgp-Xn-b-Xn\v "Ac-¡-hn'-bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸« Ihnbpw \½psS kmlnXy
Ncn-{X-¯n-ep-v. {InkvXym-\n-IÄ s]mXpsh kpdn-bm-\nbpw kpdn-bm\nae-bm-fhpw
apkvenw-IÄ Ad-_nbpw Ad_nae-bm-fhpamWv enJnX`mj-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv.
tIc-f-¯n Ad_n `mj-bn cN\ \nÀh-ln-¨-hÀ Akw-Jy-am-Wv. Ad_n ae-bmf
`mj-bm-I-s«, ae-bmf `mj-tbmfw Xs¶ k¼-¶-am-bn-cp-¶p. Ncn{X]Þn-X-\mb iqc-\m«v
Ipª³ ]nÅ FgpXn : ""{]Im-in-Xhpw A{]-Im-in-X-hp-amb Bbn-c-¡-W-¡nÂ
KZy-þ-]Zy (]m-«v) ]pkvX-I-§Ä Ad_n þ ae-bm-f-¯n-eps¶v tIÄ¡p-¶p. hS-¡³
tIc-f-bm-{X-¡n-S-bn Ah-bn ]eXpw Rm³ hmbn¨p; tI«p. FÃm imkv{X-§sf¡pdn-¨papÅ
\ne-hmcw ]peÀ¯p¶ {KÙ-§fpw \nL-p-¡fpw AXn s]Sp-¶p. I®q-cnse Ad-¡Â Aen
cmPm-hnsâ ]n³Km-an-IÄ tIcfw AS¡n hmWn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ, ae-bmf `mj-bpsS kÀhmw-Ko-IrX
en]n Xs¶ Ad_n ae-bmfamhp-am-bn-cp-¶p.''(2)
apkvenw-IÄ F¯n-t¨À¶
{]tZ-i-§-fn-seÃmw Xt±-iob `mj-I-fp-ambn kwK-an¨v Hcp k¦c `mjbv¡v cq]w
\ÂIn-b-Xmbn ImWmw. Ad-_nþ Xan-gv, Ad_n þ I¶-U, Ad-_nþ Imivao-cn,
Ad_nþXpÀ¡n-Øm-\n, Ad_nþ amen, Ad_nþ]pjv¯v, Ad_nþXmjv¡âv XpS-§n-bh DZm-l-c-Ww.
Ad_n þ ae-bm-f-¯nÂ, aX-{K-Ù-§Ä¡p ]pd-sa sshZyw, tPymXn-jw, thZm-´w,
KWn-Xw, t\mhÂ, IY, Ihn-X, lkvX-tc-Jm-im-kv{Xw, \nLp apX-emb \nc-h[n
hnj-b-§-fn-epÅ {KÙ-§Ä e`y-am-Wv. sImtfm-Wn-b hncp² ]S-¸m-«p-I-fpsS
AXn-k-¼-¶-amb tiJcw Xs¶ Cu `mj-bn-ep-v. ae-bm-f-¯n cNn-¡-s¸« {_n«ojv hncp²
Imhy-§-fpsS ]Xn-·-S§v IrXn-IÄ.
s]mXp-a-Þew cq]-s¸-Sp-Ibpw ae-bmf `mj s]mXp-`m-j-bmbn amdp-Ibpw
sNbvX-tXmsS Ad-_n-a-e-bmfw hyh-lmc aÞ-e-¯n \n¶v A{]-Xy-£-am-hp-Ibpw C¶Xv Hcp
"ayqknbw ]okv' Bbn amdp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶p. kao-]-Imew hsc \½psS
a{Z-k-I-fn Cu `mj¡v henb kzm[o-\-am-bn-cp-¶p. Ct¸mÄ B Øm\w Ad-_nbpw ae-bm-fhpw
]nSn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. Kth-j-I-\mb sI sI apl-½Zv A_vZpÂIcow FgpXn : "tIcf
\Zvh-¯pw tIcf PwC-¿-¯p De-abpw tIcf Pam-As¯ Ckvem-anbpw Ad-_n-þ-a-e-bmf ]T-\s¯
\ncp-Õm-l-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. IqSp-X `mjm ]T-\-¯n\v Du¶Â \ÂIm-\mWv B
amÀKw AwKo-I-cn-¨Xv F¶p ]d-bp-¶p.
F¶m tIcf apkvenw-I-fpsS Nnc-]p-cm-X-\-am-sbmcp kmlnXyk¼-¯ns\
AK-Wy-tIm-Sn-bn-te¡v XÅn \in-¸n-¡m³ B \bw hgn-sX-fn-bn-¨p-sh¶ hkvXpX ad¶p IqSm.
\½psS ]ÞnXkwL-S-\-IÄ Ah-cpsS a{Zkm ]mT-]p-kvX-I-§-fn Nne-sX-¦nepw Ad-_nþ
ae-bmfw en]n-bn Xs¶ {]kn-²o-I-cn-t¡--Xm-Wv. A¡m-cy-¯n kakvX tIcf PwC-¿-¯pÂ
Dea A`n-\-µ-\-aÀln-¡p-¶p. kakvX tIc-f-bpsS hnZym-`ymk t_mÀUv \S-¯p¶
"apAÃnw' amkn-I-bn Hcp `mKw Ad-_nþ ae-bmf teJ-\-¯n-\mbn \o¡n
h¨n-«p-s-¶Xpw ÇmL-\obw Xs¶.(3)''
s]mXp kvIqfp-IÄ Bcw-`n-¨Xpw Ahn-S-§-fn ae-bm-fhpw Cw¥ojpw
"s]mXp'hmbn ]Tn-¸n-¡p-hm³ Bcw-`n-¨-Xpw, amä-¯nsâ L«-¯n kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw
Bi-¦-tbm-sS-bmWv A¶v ]ecpw ho£n-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. cp Imc-W-§Ä sImm-bn-cn¡mw Cu
FXnÀ¸v. H¶v, "\mbÀ `mj'bmb ae-bm-f-¯nsâ A[n-\n-thiw. asäm-¶v, X§Ä Poh³
sImSp¯pw s]mcp-Xn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p¶ sImtfm-Wn-b iàn-I-fpsS `mj-tbm-SpÅ FXnÀ¸v.
PmXn, P·n \mSp-hmgn¯-¯n\pw {_n«ojv sImtfm-Wn-benk-¯n-\p-sa-Xnsc ]S-\-bn¨p
sImn-cn-¡p-¶-hsc kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw AXnsâ NnÓ-§-sfbpw kzXzap{Z-Isfbpw
\ncm-I-cn-¡pI F¶-Xp-IqSn Hcp ka-c-co-Xn-bm-Wv. CtX ka-bw, sImtfm-Wn-b iàn-Isf
Ah-cpsS "D]-I-c-W-§Ä' D]-tbm-Kn¨p sImp Xs¶ XIÀ¡pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p
CÆn-j-b-I-am-bp-m-bn-cp¶ asämcp ho£-Ww.
aàn X§-fpsS {ia-§Ä
apkvenw-IÄ Ad-_nbpw Ad_n ae-bm-fhpw am{X-a-Ã, ae-bm-fhpw aäp
`mj-Ifpw ]Tn-¡-W-sa¶pw `mjm-ip²n Zo£n-¡-W-sa¶pw Blzm\w sNbvX ]Þn-X-·m-cnÂ
Hcm-fm-bn-cp¶p aJvZo X§Ä F¶ k¿nZv k\m-DÃm aàn (1847-þ1912). ae-bm-fw, Ad-_n,
lnµp-Øm-\n, t]Àjy³, Xangv `mj-I-fn {]mhoWyw t\Snb aànX§Ä anI¨ {]`m-j-I\pw
{it²-b-\mb Fgp-¯p-Im-c-\p-am-bn-cp-¶p. XAveoap JpÀ-B³, apA-Ãn-ap CJvhm³,
acp-a-¡-¯mbw F¶o aq¶v Ad_nae-bmf IrXn-I-fp-sSbpw A¼-Xn ]cw ae-bmf `mjm
IrXn-I-fp-sSbpw IÀ¯m-hm-W-t±-lw. 1888 cNn¨ XAveoap CJvhm³ BZys¯ Ad_n
A£-cm-`ymk ]mT-]p-kvX-I-am-Wv. 1891 aàn X§Ä "apA-Ãn-ap CJvhm³' F¶ t]cnÂ
Hcp {KÙw ]pd-¯n-d-¡n. Cu IrXnsb X§Ä
]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv C§-s\-bmWv : ""ae-bmfnI-fmb Ckvem-ansâ
Iem-ap apJmw AAv\n (A-Y-hm) \m«p-hm¡v ae-bm-f-am-I-bm AXns\ XÅn-sh-¸m³
]mSn-Ãm-Xn-cn-¡bpw B _mj-bn Xs¶ InXm-_p-Ifpw aäp-saipXn hcn-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
sb¶m B _mjsb Ad_p sbip-¯n sbip-Xn-h-cp¶ Ah-kvX-¡v, Ad-_p-sb-ip-¯n ae-bmf H¨
sImSp-¡p¶ lpdq^v CÃm-Xn-cn-¡-bm t_-Xns\ Dm-¡nbpw XÀIo-_p-sIm-Sp¯pw
icn-s¸-Sp-t¯ Ah-Imiw \½-fn Ccn-¡-bm B hI kIe Bh-iy-§sf \nhÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xmb Hcp InXm_v
apA-Ãn-ap CJvhm³ sb¶ \ma-¯n \mw Dm¡n A¨-Sn-¸n-¨p.(4)''
. Cu IrXnsb]än Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb ]n F skbvXp apl-½-Znsâ A`n-{]mbw
C§s\: ""ae-bmf `mj-bn tIcf]mWn-\n-¡pÅ hymI-cW {]m[m\yw
Ad_nae-bm-f-¯n apA-Ãn-ap CJvhm\v \ÂIm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. Hcp \à `mjmkmlnXyw Ad_n
ae-bm-f-¯n hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¡p-hm³ aJvZo X§Ä sNbvX kvXpXyÀl-amb tkh-\-¯n-s\mcp
\nZÀi-\-amWv {]kvXpX {KÙw.(5)''
Ad_n ae-bm-fs¯ en]n ]cn-jvI-c-W-¯n-eqsS ae-bmf en]n-s¡m¸w DbÀ¯m³
{ian¨p F¶-XmWv apA-Ãn-ap CJvhm³ F¶ IrXn-bpsS {]tXy-I-X. DdpZp A£-c-§-fpsS amXr-I-bn-em-bn-cp¶p
Cu ]cn-jvI-c-Ww. Cu en]n ]cn-jvI-c-Ws¯ ASn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bmWv aàn X§-fpsS kplr¯pw
Ihnbpw {]apJ ]Þn-X-\p-am-bn-cp¶ sIm¨n kztZin tN\¯phf-¸n ssl{Zqkv_v\p
A_vZnÀd-lvam³ F¶, ASna apkven-bmÀ cNn¨ C_vdm-kp C\mb ^o iÀln _nZm-b-¯n lnZmb
F¶ sXmÅm-bn-c-¯n ]cw Xmfp-IÄ hcp¶ _rlZv {KÙw cNn-¨-Xv. (A-Sna apkven-bmÀ
aplvbn±o³ amebv¡v JpÀd-¯p sF³ F¶ t]cn Hcp hymJym\w cNn-¨n-«p-v).
sIm¨n IÂh-¯n-bn \n¶v aàn X§Ä Ad-_n-þ-a-e-bmf en]n-bnÂ
"Xplv^-¯p AJvbmÀ h lnZmb¯p AivdmÀ'' F¶ t]cn Hcp Ad-_n-þ-a-e-bmf {]Xn-]£
]{Xw Hcp hÀj-t¯mfw \S-¯p-I-bp-m-bn. CXn At±lw ]cn-jvI-cn¨ en]n
hyh-Ø-bm-bn-cp¶p D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv.
P\-§Ä¡v `mjm ]T-\-¯n\v kuIcy-s¸-Sp¶ Hcp kwkvIr-X-þ-a-e-bm-fwþ Ad_n
\nLp At±lw cNn-¨n-cp-s¶-¦nepw {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\p ap¼v \jvS-s¸«p t]mbn.
Is¿-gp¯p {]Xn A]-l-cn-¡-s¸-«-Xm-sW¶v aàn X§Ä Fgp-Xn-bn-«p-v. \nL-p-hnsâ
Bh-iy-I-X-sb-¸än At±lw C§s\ ]d-bp¶p : ""ae-bmf apkvenw Ad_n ]ZmÀ°w
Adn-bmsX AÔ-cm-bn-¯o-cp¶ tZmi-¯n \n¶v c£-t\-Sp¶ amÀKw Fs´¶p Btem-Nn-¡-Ww.''
]p¯-\mb a{Zk GÀs¸-Sp-¯n-bmepw Cu tZmjw Xocp-¶-X-Ã. Chn-Sps¯ Kpcp-¡-·mÀ
]Xn-hp-t]mse ]Tn-¸n-¡pw. ]c-tZ-izÀ ae-bmfw Adn-bp-¶-Xp-an-Ã. a²y-Øm-\¯p asämcp
`mjsb B{i-bn¨v {Ia-s¸-Sp-¯m-sa-¶pÅ ss[cyw ZpÊm-[y-sa-¦nepw AXn-\pÅ {]bm-khpw
Ime-Xm-a-khpw F{X F¶pw XÕ-a-b-apÅ Kpcp-¡-·mÀ¡v D]-I-cn-¡ptam F¶pw Nn´n-¡p¶
a\pjy _p²n iTn-¡pw. F¶m Xev¡m-e-h-Ø¡v AXym-h-iy-am-bXv AÀ° \nLp BIp-¶p. Ad_n
]Z-¯n-s\m¯ ae-bmf ]Zhpw kwkvIrX ]Zhpw ImWn-¡p¶ \nLp (Rm³ Na-¨Xpw amb³ la-Zm\n
ssiJnsâ injy³ A]-l-cn-¨-Xp-amb Xc-¯nÂ) Na¨p {]kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xm-I-bm AXp ]pXp
]mT-im-e-IÄ¡pw tij-apÅ FÃm P\-§Ä¡pw KpW-I-c-ambpw D]-Im-c-{]-Z-ambpw
`hn-¡p-sa¶p A`ym-km-ßm-¡-f-{Xbpw k½-Xn-¡pw. `mjm-`ymk lrZbw \nL-p-hm-Ip-¶p.(6)
Cw¥o-jp-ImÀ tIc-f-¯n s]mXp kvIqfp-IÄ Bcw-`n-¨-tXmsS
ae-bmfw tIc-fo-b-cpsS sam¯w hyh-lmc `mj-bmbn amdn. PmXn aX ]cn-K-W-\-IÄ¡-Xo-X-ambn
FÃm-hcpw ae-bmfw Fgp-Xp-hm\pw hmbn-¡p-hm\pw Bcw-`n-¨p. ae-bmf `mj
s]mXp`mj-bmbn¯ocp-¶-Xn\p ap¼v ae-bm-fn-I-fn alm-`q-cn-]£w \nc-£-c-cm-bn-cp¶p
F¶v CXn-\À°-an-Ã. apkvenw-IÄ¡v s]mXpsh Ad_n ae-bm-f-a-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-¶p.
aX-{K-Ù-§tfm kmlnXy IrXn-Itfm am{X-a-Ã, I¯p-IÄ t]mepw Cu `mj-bnÂ
Fgp-X-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. Ad_n ae-bmfw am{Xw enJnX `mj-bmbn kzoI-cn-¨n-cp¶ Hcp
kaq-l-t¯mSv amä-¯nsâ L«-¯n ae-bmf`mjm ]T-\-¯nsâ Bh-iy-IX Du¶n-¸-d-tbn hcnI
kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. s]mXp aÞ-e-¯n-te-¡pÅ {]th-i-\-¯n\v CXm-h-iy-am-bn-cp-¶p.
XoÀ¨-bmbpw C¯-c-samcp L«-¯n FXnÀ¸p-IÄ kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv.
Ad-_nae-bm-f-¯n \n¶v ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v amdn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p¶ amä-¯nsâ
L«-¯n \nc-h[n ]Þn-X-·mÀ ae-bmfw ]Tn-t¡--Xnsâ Bh-iy-IX Du¶n-¸-d-bp-I-bp-m-bn.
Ah-cn-sem-cm-fmWv k\m-DÃm aàn X§Ä. ae-bmfw ]Tn-t¡-Xv Cuam-\nsâ
]qÀ¯o-I-c-W-¯n\v AXym-h-iy-am-sW¶phsc At±lw Blzm\w sNbvXp. ae-bmf `mj
hi-an-Ãm-¯-Xn-\m Ckvem-anI ]mT-§Ä ]Tn-¸n-¡p¶ Kpcp-\m-Y-·mÀ sXämbn Ad_n ]Z-§Ä
hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-¶-Xmbn X§Ä Nqn-¡m-«p-¶p. At±lw FgpXn : ""amXr-`mj
am{X-aà ae-bm-fn-sb Ckvem-am-¡p¶ Kpcp-`m-j-bp-amb ae-bmfw ]Tn-¡m-bvI-bmÂ
thZm-`ymkw tZmj-s¸-Sp-¶p. "Cuam³' \jvS-s¸-Sp-¶p. F§-s\-sb-¶mÂ
Kpcp-Øm-\-¯n-cn-¡p¶ ]Þn-X³ Ad_n ]ZmÀ°w {Kln-¡m-sXbpw injys\ [cn-¸n-¡m³ `mjm ]Zw
Adn-bm-sXbpw Dg-ep-¶p. Ad_n ]Z-§sf Xs¶ aS¡n aS¡n ]dªpw AtXmsSm¶n¨v BwKyw tNÀ¯pw
a[y-¯n tXm¶n-b-hn[w Hmtcm hm¡p-IÄ ]dªpw Hcp hnt[\ Imcyw [cn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
taÂ{]-Imcw ]d-bp¶ hm¡p-I-fn NneXp \ncÀ°-ambpw NneXp hn]-co-XmÀ°-ambpw NneXp
ZpcÀ°-ambpw (a-X-¯n\p hncp-²-am-bpw) `hn-¡p-¶p. sNmÃn-s¡m-Sp-¡p¶ `mjm]Z-¯n-\pÅ
AÀ°-sa´v? `mj GXv? F¶v tNmZn-¡p-Itbm amän-¸-d-b-W-sa-¶m-h-iy-s¸-Sp-Itbm sNbvXmÂ
tIm]w HgnsI \nhr-¯n-bn-Ã...(7)''
C¯-c-¯n kw`-hn-¡p¶ \nc-h[n hnhÀ¯\¸ni-Ip-IÄ aànX§Ä
Nqn-¡m-«n-bn-«p-v. AXn-\m "ae-bmfw ]Tn-¡msX aXw ip²-am-Ip-¶Xpw
{]Im-in-¡p-¶-Xp-aÃ' F¶-t±-l-sa-gp-Xn.
ae-bmfw ]Tn-¡m-¯, Adn-bm¯ "]Þn-X-·mÀ¡v kw`-hn-¡m-hp¶ A_-²-§sf
aàn X§Ä ZoÀL-ambn D]-\y-kn-¨n-«p-v. `mjm-`ym-k-¯nsâ A`mhw \nan¯w kw`-hn-¡m-hp¶
A_-²-§-sf-¸än aàn X§Ä ]dª Imcy-§Ä¡v, C¶pw {]k-àn-bp-v. aàn X§Ä `mjm ]T-\-¯nsâ
{]m[m-\y-s¯-]än C§s\ FgpXn : ""A£-cm-`ymk {]m]vX-cm-Ip¶
]p{Xn-]p-{X-·msc JpÀ-B³ HmXn-¡p¶ samÃ-am-cn GÂ]n-¡p-¶p. JpÀ-B³
Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶-Xp-hsc AXn Xs¶ {ian-¸n-¡p-¶p. Ht¶m ctm aqt¶m hÕcw sImp JpÀ-B³
Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡p-¶p. DSs\ ]¯v In¯m_v F¶ ]pkvXIw FSp-¡p-¶p. AXv Ad_n `mj-bnÂ
DÅ-Xm-I-bm hmNIw sNmÃn ae-bmf `mj-bnÂ
AÀ°-s¸-Sp¯n ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶p. AÀ°-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ ae-bmfw ae-hm-kn-IÄ t]mepw
lkn¡-¯-¡-Xm-Ip-¶p...
ae-bmfw Fgp-Xn-¸-Tn-¡m-bvI-bm A£c D¨m-cWw icn-s¸-SmsX ]Þn-X-·mÀ
t]mepw cmkv{Xo, \kvtI-{Xw, Iip-¯p, Fip¯p F¶v ]dªv lkn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.
]Þn-X-·mÀ t]mepw ip²-amb ae-bmfw Adn-bm-bvI-bm CXc P\-¯n Cd§n
{]kw-Kn-¡m³ i¦n-¡p-¶p. A\y-P\w hcm¯ Øe¯pw ka-b¯pw {]kw-Kn-¡p-¶p. CXn-\mÂ
aXm-`n-hr-²n¡v Bh-iy-am-bXpw thZw \nÀ_-Ôn-¡p-¶-Xp-amb {]kwKw apS§n
\S-¸n-Ãm-Xn-cn-¡p-¶p.
]¯v ]Xn-\mep sImÃw ]Tn¨ apkven-bmÀ Ad_n `mj-bntem ae-bmf `mj-bntem
Hcp hmN-Iw Fgp-Xm\pw Hcp kZ-Ên Cd§n Hcp hnj-bs¯ kw_-Ôn¨p kwkm-cn-¡m\pw
\nhr-¯n-bn-Ãm-Xn-cn-¡p-¶p. CXnsâ ImcWw `mj {Kln-¡m-¯Xp Xs¶.
ae-bmfw Fgp-Xn ]Tn-¡mbvI sImv cmPy \nbaw Adn-bmsX tZmj-s¸-Sp-¶p.
k¼mZyw A\yÀ¡v sImSp¯p \jvS-s¸-Sp-¶p.(8)''
ae-bmf `mj ]Tn-t¡--Xnsâ A\n-hm-cyX "apkvenw P\hpw
hnZym-`ym-khpw' F¶ teJ-\-¯n aàn X§Ä Du¶n-¸-d-bp-¶p. H¸w ZÀkp-IÄ hgn
imkv{Xo-b-ambn `mjm-`ym-k\w F§s\ km[y-am-¡m-sa¶pw hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p.
kÀ¡mÀ DtZymKw e`n-¡-W-sa-¦n Cw¥o-jv, ae-bmf`mjm ]T-\-§Ä AXym-h-iy-am-sW¶pw
AXn-\m apkvenw-IÄ `mjm]T-\-¯n\pw kvIqÄ hnZym-`ym-k-¯n\pw {]m[m\yw
\ÂI-W-sa-¶pw, aànX§Ä Xsâ "cmP-`-ànbpw tZim-`n-am-\hpw' F¶ IrXn-bn Fgp-Xn.
B¬Ip-«n-IÄ am{X-aà s]¬Ip-«n-Ifpw kvIqÄ hnZym-`ymkw t\S-W-sa¶v aàn-X-§Ä hmZn-¨p.
`uXnI hnZym-`ymkw t\tS--Xnsâ {]m[m\yw At±lw \nc-´cw DWÀ¯n.
Hm¯p-]-Ån-bn am{Xw t]mbm t]mc, s]mXp ]Ån-¡q-S-¯nepw ]Tn-¡-W-sa¶p Blzm\w sNbvXp. At±lw ]dªp:
""{]nb P\-ta, C\n-sb-¦nepw DW-c-Ww. AXym-h-iy-amb `mj-IÄ cpw ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn\p
{ian-¡-Ww. {]tXyI ]mT-im-e-IÄ thW-sa¶v kn²m-´n-¡p-¶-Xn-te¡pw \ymb-sam-«p-an-Ã.
Cu Bh-iy-¯n-te¡v At\I ]mT-im-e-IÄ Kh¬saâv GÀs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-v. {]tXyIw \n§Ä¡v
kvIqÄ ^okv Ipd¨pw h¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. CXp alm Icp-Wbpw {]tXyI Zbbpw BIp-¶p. \nhr-¯n-bn-Ãm-¯-hsc [Àa-ambpw
]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶p. AXp sImv kÀ¡mÀ kvIqfn tNÀ¶p ]Tn-¡p-¶Xv D¯-aw. A`ymk
hnti-j-X-bp-ap-v.(9)''
]e kap-Zm-b-§fpw kz´-ambn Iem-e-b-§Ä Øm]n-¡p-¶p-s¶pw Ah \à \ne-bnÂ
{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xmbn ImWp-¶p-s¶pw AXp-t]mse
""kz´w DÕm-l-¯nt·epw Nne-hn-t·epw Xm´m-§Ä¡m-h-iy-amb''
Øm]-\-§Ä Bcw-`n-¡-W-sa¶pw X§Ä Fgp-Xn-bn-«p-v. IeymW ASn-b-´-c-§-fnepw aäpw ]Ww
hmcn-t¡mcn Nne-hm-¡p¶ amXm-]n-Xm-¡Ä A`ymk hnj-b-¯n Nne-hm-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-¶Xv aq¯
apV-X-bm-Ip-¶p.(10)''
`uXnI hnZym-`ymkw Ic-Ø-am-¡n-bmte kÀ¡mÀ DtZym-K-§Ä t\Sp-hm\pw
kap-Zm-b-¯n\v AÀl-amb Øm\-am-\-§Ä ]nSn¨p hm§m\pw km[n-¡p-I-bpÅq F¶-t±lw
a\-Ên-em-¡n. aX-kw-L-S-\-IÄ cq]-s¸-Sm¯ A¡m-e¯v Hä-bm-\mbn Cu ktµiw
{]N-cn-¸n-¡p-hm³ tIc-f-¯n-e-t§m-f-an-t§mfw X§Ä bm{X sNbvXp. tÌPpw t]Ppw
AXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¨p. F¶m aàn X§-fpsS PohnX Ime¯v "Hcp apkvenw sslkvIqÄ
\nÀan¨p ImWp-hm³ At±-l-¯n\p km[n-¨n-Ã. At±-l-¯nsâ ac-Wm-\-´cw Ccp-]-¯n-aq¶v
hÀjw Ign-ª-t¸m-gmWv tIc-f-¯n BZy-am-bn, apkvenw-I-fpsS \S-¯n-¸n Hcp sslkvIqÄ
Øm]n-X-am-Ip-¶-Xv. 1935 Xe-tÈ-cn-bn h¨v apkvenw sslkvIqÄ I½nän
cq]o-Ir-X-am-b-t¸mÄ ^v ]ncn-hn-\p-thn "apkvenw sslkvIqÄ I½nän þ
apkvenwItfmSv A`yÀ°\' F¶ ioÀj-I-¯n Hcp eLp-teJ
{]kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bp-m-bn. aàn-X-§Ä
]d-ªXpw kz]v\w I-Xp-amb Imcy-§Ä asämcp coXn-bnepw `mj-bnepw Cu eLp-te-J-bnÂ
ImWmw. tIcf apkvenw hnZym-`ymk Ncn-{X-¯nse kp{]-[m\ B[mctcJ-bmb {]kvXpX
eLp-te-J-bnse {]kà `mK-§Ä C§s\ : ""... a{Zmkv kwØm-\s¯ apkvenw
P\-kw-Jy-bn aq¶n-semcp `mKhpw PnÃ-bnse H«msI P\-kw-Jy-bn F{Xbpw DbÀ¶ Hcp
`mKhpw hln-¡p¶ h¼n¨ am¸nf kap-Zmbw
hnZym-`ymk Imcy-¯n C¶p-]p-d-In XÅ-s¸«p t]mb-Xp-sImv kap-Zm-b-¯n\p \ymb-ambn e`n-t¡ ]ucm-h-Im-i-§Ä
]eXpw \jvS-s¸«p t]mbn-cn-¡p-¶p. DtZym-K-§Ä Kh¬saâv kÀho-kn-em-bmepw Xt±i kzbw
`cW Øm]-\-§-fn-em-bmepw AhÀ¡v {]mtbW CÃ-Xs¶ F¶p ]d-tbn h¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. Irjn,
I¨-hSw BZn-bmb sXmgn-ep-I-fn AhÀ¡v £b-a-ÃmsX A`n-hr-²n-bn-Ã. hyh-km-b-§Ä
]cn-jvIrX coXn-bn GÀs¸-Sp¯n \S-¯p-hm-\pÅ ]Tn¸pw kzm[o\ iànbpw CÃmbvI \nan¯w B
Imcyhpw hfsc ]cp-§-en-em-Wv. CXp-sIm-sÃmw am¸n-f-am-cpsS hnZym-lo-\X Ah-cpsS
]ucm-h-Im-i-§sf am{X-a-Ã, kmap-Zm-bnI Pohn-X-¯n\v Hgn¨p IqSm¯ [\m-`n-hr-²nsb
IqSn \jvS-am-¡n-bn-«p-s¶p ImWmw.
am¸nf hnZym-`n-hr-²n¡v Kh¬saâv sNbvX ]cn-{i-a-§-fpsS ^e-ambn
hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-ambn Hcp DWÀhv hnti-jn¨v Fen-sa-dn hnZym-`ymk Imcy-¯nÂ
kap-Zm-b-¯n Dm-bn-«p-s¶v \mw HmÀt¡-Xpw Kh¬saân-t\mSv B Imcy-¯n \mw
\µn-bpÅhcm-bn-cn-t¡--Xp-am-Wv. F¶m sk¡-dn hnZym-`ymk Imcy-¯nepw Ct¸mgpw
kap-Zmb KmV-amb Dd-¡-¯n InS-¡p-I-bm-Wv. ae-_mÀ Pnà H«p¡v t\m¡n-bm DbÀ¶
¢mkp-I-fn ]Tn-¡p-¶-h-cpsSF®w ssIhn-c-ep-I-fn F®p-hmt\ ImWp-I-bp-Åq... F¶mÂ
kwØm-\-¯nse apkvenw P\-kw-Jy-bn aq¶n-semcp `mK-apÅ am¸n-f-amÀ¡v Hcp sslkvIqÄ
t]mepw CXp-hsc Øm]n-¡-s¸-Sm-¯Xv hfsc ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-am-sW-¶pw, AXp-sImv
ae-_m-dnse Gähpw D¯-a-amb Hcp tI{µ-¯n Hcp apkvenw sslkvIqÄ Kh¬saân \n¶v
Øm]n¨p Xtc-W-sa¶pw AXp-sImt am¸n-f-am-cpsS DbÀ¶ hnZym-`ym-k-¯n-\pÅ Ah-kcw
AÂ]-sa-¦nepw \o§p-I-bp-Åq-sh¶pw \½psS kap-Zmb kwL-§fpw, s]mXp-Imcy {]hÀ¯-Icpw,
hnti-jn¨v Kh¬saân \n¶v Ipd-¨p-ap¼v apkvenw hnZym-`ymk Imcy-§sf kw_-Ôn¨
At\z-j-W-§Ä sNbvhm³ \ntbm-Kn-¨n-cp¶ apkvenw hnZym-`ymk I½n-änbpw Kh¬saâns\
t_m[n-¸n-¡p-I-bp-m-bn. CXn-sâ-sbÃmw ^e-ambn apkvenw hnZym-`ymk I½n-än-bpsS
ip]mÀi-Isf kw_-Ôn¨v Kh¬saâv ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn¨ IÂ]-\-bn ae-_m-dn Hcp apkvenw
sslkvIqÄ Øm]n¨p sImSp-¡p-¶-Xm-sW¶v {]kvXm-hn-¨n-cp-¶p. apkvenw sslkvIqÄ
Øm]n-¡p-hm³ \nÝ-bn¨-Xn Kh¬saâns\ A`n-\-µn-¨pw, sslkvIqÄ hnZymÀ°n-IÄ¡v
Xma-kn-¡p-hm\pw aX-]-T-\-¯n\pw kuI-cy-apÅ dkn-U³jy kvIqÄ Bbn-cn-¡-W-sa-¶pw,
^oÊn-f-hp-m-bn-cn-¡-W-sa¶pw At]-£n-¨p-sIm-pÅ {]ta-b-§Ä ]mkm-¡n-b-Xn\p tijw
Gähpw {][m-\-amb Hcp \nÝbw sN¿p-I-bp-m-bn. "Kh¬saân \n¶v Øm]n-¡p¶
sslkvIqÄ Ip«n-I-fpsS Xma-k-¯n-\pÅ tlmÌ-ep-IqSn BIp¶ ]£w 100 km[p hnZymÀ°n-IÄ¡v
Xma-k-¯n\p thn hcp¶ sNe-hp-IÄ sNbvhm³ apkvenw sslkvIqÄ I½nän F¶ t]cn Hcp
I½nän Dm-bn-cn-t¡--Xm-sW-¶m-bn-cp¶p B \nÝ-bw. XÂk-abw Xs¶ {]kvXpX sslkvIqÄ
I½nän Øm]n-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. I½n-än-bpsS `mhn hnP-b-¯nsâ
ip`-e-£-W-sa-t¶m-Ww, tbmK-¯n kZbw k¶-²-\m-bn-cp¶ _lp-am-\-s¸« I®qÀ cmPmhv
kp¯m³ A_vZp dlvam³ Aen cmPm AhÀIÄ 1000 I. I½nän ^n-te¡v \ÂIm-sa¶p
kt´m-j-]qÀhw hmKvZm\w sNbvXp-sh-¶p-ÅXv Gähpw kt´m-j-t¯msS {]kvXm-hn¨p
sImÅp-¶p.''
kXy¯n Hcp \qäm-p-ap¼v aàn X§Ä hc-¨n« hnZym-`ym-k-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpsS
\qdn-c«n KXn-th-K-¯n-emWv C¶v apkvenw
kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ hnZym-`ymk ]ptcm-K-Xn. apkvenw-IÄ¡n-S-bn C¡m-cy-¯n Gsd ap¶nÂ
t]mbXv kp¶n {]Øm-\-am-Wv. Ah-km\ Ime¯v hyk\ktaXw At±lw Fgp-Xnb Ipdn-¸nse
hm¡p-IÄ kap-Zmbw C¶v ssIh-cn¨ t\«-§-fpsS {Km^mbn ImWm-hp-¶-XmWv :
""{]nb P\ta! ae-bm-f-sa¶ tZi-`m-jbpw Cw¥ojv `mjbpw ]Tn-¡-W-sa¶pw
Kh¬saâp-tZymKw hcn-¡-W-sa¶pw D]-tZ-in¨p hcp¶ Ime-¯n\p ]g-¡hpw F\n¡p hmÀ²-Iyhpw
hs¶-¯n. CXp-hsc hgn-s¸-Sm-Xn-cp¶p F¶p am{X-a-Ã, F¶n sshcmKyw ]qv Zpjn-¡p-¶Xv
F{X hyk-\w...
tl P\ta! Kh¬sa³dv sNbvXn-cn-¡p¶ KpWw HmÀ¡-Ww. kvIqÄ^okv \ap¡p th.
Npcp-¡n-bm-¡n-bn-cn-¡sh kn²m´w Hgn-bmsX cmP-\o-Xn¡pw Ckvemw aX-hn-[n-IÄ¡pw
hntcm-[-amb At]-£-IÄ sImmSp-¶Xpw ip]mÀi At\z-jn-¡p-¶Xpw Ah-Imi B{Iaw BIp-¶p.
BI-bm kn²m-´-¯n\v ]Icw `àn-bpÅhcmbn kÀ¡mÀ ]Ån-¡q-S-§-fn Ip«n-Isf
Ab-¡p-¶-Xn-te¡v D]-tZ-in-¡-W-sa¶v apkveym-amÀ apX-em-b-h-tcmSv {]tXyIw
At]-£n-¡p-¶p.(11)''
kap-Zm-bn-Im-hØ
kwL-S-nX {]Øm-\-§tfm C¶s¯ coXn-bn-epÅ a{Zkm {]Øm-\tam
Bcw`n-¡p-¶-Xn\p sXm«p-ap-¼pÅ Ime-L-«-¯n-emWv k\m-DÃm aàn X§Ä Pohn-¨-Xv. tIc-f-¯n-setbm
hninjym ae-_m-dn-setbm apkvenw-Isf {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p¶ kwL-S-\-IÄ
A¶n-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. Hmtcm \m«n Hmtcm coXn-IÄ. A¶s¯ a{Z-k-Ifmb Hm¯p-]-Ån-IÄ¡v
t]mepw GIo-I-cWw Dm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. a®nsâ Hcp Xd, ad-bn-ÃmsX ta¡q-c-am-{X-apÅ
A©p-Im-ep-I-fn sI«n-bp-m-¡nb Hcp sNä-¸pc! CXm-bn-cp¶p s]mXpsh Hm¯p]pc-I-fpsS
Ah-Ø. henb Hm¯p-]p-c-I-fn \qdn ]cw Ip«n-Ifpw Hc-[ym-]-I\pw Hcp taibpw Hcp
hSnbpw Hmtcm Ip«n¡pw Hmtcm ¢mkp-am-bn-cp-¶p. Hm¯p-]-Ån-I-fn Htc
kne-_-Êm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã ]Tn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶-bm-fpsS hnh-c-¯n-\-\p-k-cn-¨m-bn-cp¶p
kne-_kv F¶p ]d-bmw.
aX-]-T\w t\Sn-b-hcpw `uXnI hnZym-`ymkw t\Sn-b-hcpw X½n-epÅ AIew
Gsd-bm-bn-cp-¶p. aX-]-Þn-X-·m-cm-hs« ]e Xc-¡mÀ. 1892 aàn X§Ä ]{Xm-[n-]cpw
tN\¯v hf-¸n k¿nZv A_vZp-d-lvam³ ssl{Zqkv F¶ ASna apkven-bmÀ (sIm-¨n) AWn-bm-]p-d¯v
A½p kmln-_v(-X-e-tÈ-cn), Ad-¡Â Ipª-l-½Zv auehn (sIm-¨n), F¶n-hÀ
kl-]-{Xm-[n-]-cmbpw {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ "Xplv^-¯p AJvbmÀ h lnZm-b-¯p AivdmÀ'
F¶ Ad_n ae-bmf ssZzhm-cn-I-bpsS {]Ya e¡-¯n A¶s¯ kmap-Zm-bnI Zb-\o-bm-h-Ø-bnÂ
aàn X§Ä¡pmbn-cp¶ at\m-hn-jaw C§s\ hc-¨n«p :
""\
iàn \m klmbw kzþ
´Iq-«-¯n kzbw _mJo
Akqb ZpjvS arKw t]mÂ
kZm k¼m-Znbw _mJo
]d-ª§p \nK-fn¡pw
]c-kv]cw ktlm-Z-cÀ
Alw-`mhw Al-¦mcw
\ndª \mSnbw _mJo''
tIc-fob apkvenw-IÄ Ignª Hcp \qäm-n-\n-S-bn ]n¶n« hfÀ¨bpw
A`yp-¶-Xnbpw taÂh-cn-Isf Xs¶ IS-]p-g¡n Fdnbpwhn[-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p. Pohn-X-Im-e¯v
At±-l-¯n\p sNdp kwL-§-fpsS am{Xw kzoIm-cy-Xtb e`n-¨n-cp-¶p-Åq. (1889Â I®q-cnÂ
At±lw Hcp ]äw apkvenw bphm-¡sf kwL-Sn-¸n¨v apl-½-Zob k` F¶ t]cn Hcp
kmwkvIm-cnI kanXn cq]o-I-cn-¨p). C¯cw {]hÀ¯-\-§sf ÇmLn¨pw ]n´p-W¨pw Ad_n
ae-bm-f-¯n teJ-\-sa-gp-Xnb s]m¶m\n aJvZq-am-bn-cp¶ ]pXn-b-I¯v A_vZp-d-Òm³ F¶
_mh apkven-bmÀ AS-¡-apÅ DÄ¡m-gvNbpw ZoÀL ho£-W-hp-apÅ ]Þn-X-·m-cpsS Hcp
sNdp-\nc At±-l-t¯m-sSm-¸-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. C¶v tIc-f-¯nse GtXXv aX-kw-L-S-\bv¡pw
kzoIm-cy-amhp¶ Imcy-§tf aàn X§Ä ]d-bp-Ibpw Fgp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvXn-«p-Åp-sh¶v
Npcp-¡w.
1912 k]vXw-_À 18\v
ac-W-s¸-Sp-¶-Xnsâ GXm\pw an\p-äp-IÄ¡p ap¼v {]nbinjy³ kn hn sslt{Zmkv kmln-_n\v
Xsâ CjvS XqenI \ÂIn s¡mv aànX§Ä ]dªp : ""Rm\nXm Fsâ dºn-¦-te¡v
t]mIm-dm-bn. C\n Cu t]\-sImv \o Ckvem-an-\p-thn PnlmZv sN¿p-I.'' Npcp-¡-¯nÂ,
apkvenw kap-Zm-b-¯nse hnZym-`ymk coXn-I-sf-bmWv aàn-X-§Ä t\cn-«-Xv. AXnsâ
ssien-bn-em-bn-cp¶p {]iv\-§-f-{X-bpw. =
ASn¡pdn¸pIÄ
1. hneyw temK³, ae-_mÀ am\zÂ
2. bph-tI-c-fw, ]pkvXIw 2/ e¡w 3
3. tI-cf apkvenw \thm-°m\ Ncn-{Xw. {]t_m-[\w kvs]jy ]Xn¸v 1998
G{]nÂ
4. Xp-lv^-¯p AJvbmÀ... ]m£nIw, hm1, e¡w1, t]Pv 2
5. tI-cf apkvenw Ub-d-IvSdn ]pdw 581
6. `mjm`ymk-lr-Zbw, aàn X§-fpsS k¼qÀW IrXn-IÄ ]pdw 447, 448
7. apkvenw P\hpw hnZym-`ym-k-hpw, aàn X§Ä k¼qÀW IrXn-IÄ
8. apkvenw P\hpw hnZym-`ym-k-hpw, aàn X§Ä k¼qÀW IrXn-IÄ
9. cm-P-`-ànbpw tZim-`n-am-\-hpw., aàn X§Ä k¼qÀW IrXn-IÄ
10 .cm-P-`-ànbpw tZim-`n-am-\-hpw, aàn X§Ä k¼qÀW IrXn-IÄ
11. cm-P-`-ànbpw tZim-`n-am-\hpw þ
cmw teJ\w. aàn X§Ä k¼qÀW IrXn-IÄ, ]p.
507-þ508
No comments:
Post a Comment